IQ Test Labs

Mathematical Brain Teaser

What is the product of the following series: (x-a), (x-b), (x-c),.....(x-z)?

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Logic Brain Teaser

Six glasses are in a row. The first three are full of juice; the second three are empty. By moving only one glass, can you arrange them so empty and full glasses alternate?

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Lateral Brain Teaser

A man rode into town on Monday. He stayed for three nights and then left on Monday. How come?

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Verbal IQ

What unusual property do the words FLOUR, TERN, and THIRSTY have in common?

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Riddle

What falls but never breaks?

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Nutrition and the Brain

by Dr. Eric H. Chudler

Your brain is like a car. A car needs gasoline, oil, brake fluid and other materials to run properly. Your brain also needs special materials to run properly: glucose, vitamins, minerals and other essential chemicals. For example, the fuel (energy) for your brain is glucose. You can get glucose by eating carbohydrates or other foods that can be converted to glucose.

Your brain must manufacture the right proteins and fats to do things such as grow new connections or add myelin, the fatty sheath to axons. You do this by digesting proteins and fats in food and using the pieces, that is, the amino acids and fatty acids, to make the new brain proteins and fats. Without the correct amount and balance of particular building blocks, your brain will not work properly. Too little (deficiency) or too much (overabundance) of the necessary nutrient can affect the nervous system.

Diet and the Neurotransmitters

Certain foods contain precursors (starting materials) for some neurotransmitters. If a diet is deficient in certain precursors, the brain will not be able to produce some neurotransmitters. Neurological and mental disorders may occur when the balance of neurotransmitters is upset. Examples of neurotransmitter precursors include:

• Aspartic Acid: Used to make aspartate; found in peanuts, potatoes, eggs and grains.
• Choline: Used to make acetylcholine; found in eggs, liver and soybeans.
• Glutamic Acid: Used to make glutamate; found in flour and potatoes.
• Phenylalanine: Used to make dopamine; found in beets, soybeans, almonds, eggs, meat and grains.
• Tryptophan: Used to make serotonin; found in eggs, meat, skim milk, bananas, yogurt, milk, and cheese.
• Tyrosine: Used to make norepinephrine; found in milk, meat, fish and legumes.

Malnutrition and the Brain

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies can be caused by:

1. Starvation
2. Poor diet
3. Poor absorption of vitamins and minerals
4. Damage to the digestive system
5. Infection
6. Alcoholism

The brain of a human fetus grows rapidly from the 10th to 18th week of pregnancy, so it is important for the mother to eat nutritious foods during this time. The brain also grows rapidly just before and for about 2 years after birth. Malnutrition during these periods of rapid brain growth may have devastating effects on the nervous system and can affect not only neurons, but also glial cell development and growth. Effects on glial cells may change myelin development especially because myelin continues to form around axons for several years after birth.

Babies born to mothers who had poor diets may have some form of mental retardation or behavioral problems. Also, children who do not receive adequate nutrition in their first few years of life may develop problems later. Often the effects of malnutrition and environmental problems, such as emotional and physical abuse, can combine to create behavioral problems. Therefore, the exact causes of behavioral disorders are difficult to determine.

Some effects of malnutrition can be repaired by a proper diet, so not all of the effects of poor diets are permanent. Researchers believe that the timing of malnutrition is an important factor in determining if problems will occur. This means that missing out on a particular nutrient at the time when a part of the brain is growing and needs that nutrient will cause a specific problem there.

Studying the Nutrition-Brain-Behavior Connection

The study of how nutrition affects the brain and behavior is relatively new. Scientists have just begun to understand how changes in particular nutrients alter the brain and how these neural changes then affect intelligence, mood, and the way people act. Experiments that investigate this nutrition-brain-behavior interaction, particularly those that study the effects of malnutrition, are difficult for several reasons:

1. There is a link between poor nutrition and environmental factors. Therefore, changes in behavior may not be due to poor nutrition only. Other factors such as education, social or family problems may affect behavior.
2. It is difficult to alter only one substance in the human diet. Therefore, it is difficult to determine if a particular vitamin or mineral has a certain effect on behavior. For ethical reasons, experiments in which a person is not allowed to eat a particular nutrient cannot be done, so much of the data come from animal experiments. Studies in humans are generally limited to examining the effects of famine and starvation, situations where many nutrients are missing.
3. People respond to different diets in different ways. In other words, there is a large individual variation in the body's response and need for different nutrients.
4. A change in diet may have a placebo effect. The placebo effect occurs because a person thinks something will have an effect. In other words, if a person thinks a change in diet will affect behavior, it may actually affect behavior even if the nutrients are not causing the change. Therefore, experiments must have a placebo control and be performed in a double-blind manner where neither the experimental subject nor the experimenter know who has received an altered diet.
5. The definition of intelligence is controversial. For example, some people do not believe that IQ tests accurately measure intelligence so it is difficult to use an IQ test to claim that intelligence has been affected by diet.
6. Alcoholism

Warning: Always consult with a health care professional before starting a diet or nutritional supplement program, such as taking high doses of vitamins or minerals. Small changes in diet can have large effects on your health.

Dr. Eric H. Chudler; Dept. Anesthesiology, BOX 356540; University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195-6540

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Quotes and Trivia

To repeat what others have said, requires education; to challenge it, requires brains. - Mary Pettibone Poole

I not only use all the brains that I have, but all that I can borrow. - Woodrow Wilson (1856 - 1924)

No, indeed; I don't know anything. You see, I am stuffed, so I have no brains at all. - L. Frank Baum (the "Scarecrow" in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz)

IQ is not influenced by family size or birth order. There is some confusion on this matter due to the fact that smart families usually have few children. However there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that you will have a low IQ if you belong to a large family. There is also no evidence that the first born child will be more intelligent than the rest.

The human brain weighs about 1,300g, the elephant brain about 6,000 g and the cat brain about 30 g.

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Word of the month

Perspicacity

noun :: Acuteness of sight or of intelligence; acute discernment.

"The surgeon spoke with the fluency due to long practice and with the admirable perspicacity which distinguished him." -- Maugham, W. Somerset